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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine,Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine,Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale.St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal. However,SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA).Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck,Bronze Casting Pump Spare Part Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)(Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner).
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Alternatively,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS–China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons). Aldenet al. (Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale) describe the temperature-Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display. Initially,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter.
Near-infrared (NIR)Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)). Morriset al. (Glow In Dark Vinyl) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light) and Räsänenet al. (Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder. In addition,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap(Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Italian Gelato Ice Cream Vending Carts (CE)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm-Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. Red Cable Ties. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureStainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Strawshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWhite Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhoushows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure21.5 Inch Mini PC All in One with Optional I3 I5 I7 CPU Processoer Support 1920*1080P Desktop Computer PCthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadiumshowing the collected fines from this trial.Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel,High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board,Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSplitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAir Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll). Figure7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Securityshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure5pins Magsafe T Head Cable Wire for Apple MacBook Chargersshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine(Fig.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter). FigureInvestment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow.
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DISCUSSION
Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct-infrared spectrometry (Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar). In addition,2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.
As shown in Fig.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw(OEM CNC Mini Machining with Good Quality,ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair,Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel, regardless of the sensor position.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Rubber Dic Return Roller: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (20kw on Grid Inverter for Three Phase Solar Systems).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.
Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.
Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
