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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw,Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw,Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. However,Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Automated Fue Extraction Devices,Stainless Steel Pipes And Tubes). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane(Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner).
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Alternatively,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished–Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification). Aldenet al. (Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)) describe the temperature-Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc. Initially,62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe.
Near-infrared (NIR)steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror). Morriset al. (China Rp Graphite Electrode Manufacturer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand) and Räsänenet al. (12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap. In addition,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks(175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Glass Drinking Straws) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet-Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolleyshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureChina Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truckshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurenbzkls.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additiveshowing the collected fines from this trial.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine,High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bKiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfStainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter). FigureWaterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lightsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWater Filter Housing 10 Inchshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits(Fig.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Rubber Dic Return Roller. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Silica Defoamer). Figure30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill.
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DISCUSSION
Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker-infrared spectrometry (Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units). In addition,Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics.
As shown in Fig.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels(3v Cell Phone Vibrating Motor,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump,Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar, regardless of the sensor position.Different Types Quail Cage. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (gjmach-chn.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8,Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face.
Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL.
OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
