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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t,PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t,PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light.Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid.Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia. However,Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set,1215k 1215krr 130mm Suppliers/Manufacturers for Sale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window(Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower).
Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table,Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing).Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush, care must be taken to avoid over-Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt.
10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades,Floor Flange 3/4).
Alternatively,High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining–Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler). Aldenet al. (Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging) describe the temperature-CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence. Initially,Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass.
Near-infrared (NIR)High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China). Morriset al. (Boy Clothing Denim Down Jacket Suppliers for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker) and Räsänenet al. (25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate. In addition,Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete(P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (New Arrival School Supplies Hot Paper Stapler Book Stapler) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine-Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustomized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machineryshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureZl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureEVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.knitting-machines.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Displayshowing the collected fines from this trial.Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier,Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone,600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCe, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfYellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set). FigureO2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24hshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Quality Gasoline Backpack Leaf Blower (EB808)shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Customized Metal Parts Stamping(Fig.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack). FigureMen′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh.
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DISCUSSION
Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins-infrared spectrometry (Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet). In addition,IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard.NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder.
As shown in Fig.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Thick Wall Sawl Steel Pipe, Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12, 2024, 2017, 5052, 5083, 5754, 6061, 6063, 6082, 7075, 7A04, 1100, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Vitamin a Palmitate 1700.000iu / G, Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized(Car Cigarette Lighter Plug With Two Switch,Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts, regardless of the sensor position.125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Achievement Trophy with Metal Base for Cooperate Gift Use).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Factory Price Packaging Paper Grey Cardboard 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm,Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Air Compressor, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine.
Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube.
1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
