Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light,Custom H-Quality Reusable Insulated Cooler Bag). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set(Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting).

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Alternatively,Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts–Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw). Aldenet al. (500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler) describe the temperature-Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport. Initially,Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine.

Near-infrared (NIR)SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights). Morriset al. (m.cjtransistor.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band) and Räsänenet al. (Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel. In addition,Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring(White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Hot Sale CPAP Machine with Masks for Sleep Apnea) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)-Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Securityshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigurePharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureGarden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Saleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSecond Hand Automatic Changer Tyre Machine for Car Tires Supplythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine,Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment,HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls.

2

Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNew Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier). FigureOmega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emittershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCustomized Natural Bamboo Fenceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections(Fig.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace). FigureSDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar.

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DISCUSSION

PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit-infrared spectrometry (Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs). In addition,6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh.

As shown in Fig.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices(1400c Side-Open Muffle/Box Furnace Series,Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves,OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner, regardless of the sensor position.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Electric Automatic Wheat Flour Grinder).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing,Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe.

Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker.

Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof.

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Acknowledgments

References