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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group,Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group,Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person. However,Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric,Restaurant Dining Wedding Furniture Manufacturer Stacking Metal Aluminum Banquet Hotel Chair). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine(Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light).
2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment, Double Braided Rope).Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine, care must be taken to avoid over-Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete.
Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ).Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal,www.autotrailerparts.com).
Alternatively,Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer–Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine). Aldenet al. (HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting) describe the temperature-V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light. Initially,Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10).
Near-infrared (NIR)Silica Defoamer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)). Morriset al. (Corrugated Galvanized Zinc Roof Sheets) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe) and Räsänenet al. (High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men. In addition,Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers(Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Tailing Dewatering Screen for Mining/Alluvial Mining Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600-Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAir Cooler/Evaporative Air Coolershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureGMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCar LED Reverse Parking Sensorsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureNatural Placematthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home Houseshowing the collected fines from this trial.Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line,Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm,Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground). FigureGood Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePremium Sleeve Garden Hoseshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone(Fig.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels). FigureMoist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet.
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DISCUSSION
Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer-infrared spectrometry (1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine). In addition,V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive.Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit.
As shown in Fig.China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds(Tighten Skin,Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing,Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center, regardless of the sensor position.Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (High Protect Outdoor LED Mesh Display Curtain Board).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price.
China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate.
Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine.
1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate-WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria.
Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
