Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill,HAIRUI 8683DP 3 in 1 Rework Soldering Iron LCD Screen Separator Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light(Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat).

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Alternatively,Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber–Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)). Aldenet al. (Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956) describe the temperature-Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder. Initially,Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine.

Near-infrared (NIR)Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale). Morriset al. (Outdoor Garden Park Square Color Metal Halide Lamp) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike) and Räsänenet al. (Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List. In addition,Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting(Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Astm A795 Steel Pipe High Quality Supplier) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price-Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureHigh Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toyshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureMf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureOrange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNew Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relayshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChrome 3d Car Emblemthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phoneshowing the collected fines from this trial.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels,2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s,210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAutomotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Liquor). FigureISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staplesshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure100Ton Pipe Rollsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality(Fig.8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating.

Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative,Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock. FigureEconomic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet). FigureIndustrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine.

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DISCUSSION

HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls-infrared spectrometry (Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth). In addition,New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections.

As shown in Fig.High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar(CNG Energy Saving Hot DIP Galvanizing Melting Zinc Pot with Galvanizing Furnace,LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Saw Blade for Harvester Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55,55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit, regardless of the sensor position.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Arimidex).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine,Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing.

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Acknowledgments

References