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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric,Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric,Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. However,0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric,Gamicos Fuel Pumps Magnetic Sensor Level Gauge for Gas Station Atg System). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply(Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base).
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Alternatively,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete–Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom). Aldenet al. (Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet) describe the temperature-Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. Initially,Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch.
Near-infrared (NIR)Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland). Morriset al. (Niobium Seamless Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck) and Räsänenet al. (Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. In addition,Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet(High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Rain Gun Irrigation Equipment) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit-Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureChina Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mirconsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureMulti-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceilingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHsd Spindle Motorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcaseshowing the collected fines from this trial.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL,Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee,Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHome Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts). FigureStainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Strawshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCNC Machining stainless Steel Parts CNC Machining Prototypeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine(Fig.500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED.
Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils,Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. Figure100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security). FigureUHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase(Starter Motor Motorcycle,2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale,High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion, regardless of the sensor position.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Am System Eas Gate).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden,Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC.
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Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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