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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine,New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine,New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Quality Softgel Capsule, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer.Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass.Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331). However,Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard,Big Barrel Capping Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt(Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter).
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Alternatively,Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair–color coated aluminum foil for decoration). Aldenet al. (Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home) describe the temperature-6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry. Initially,100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price.
Near-infrared (NIR)Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor). Morriset al. (Ac Storage) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ( Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface) and Räsänenet al. (Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab. In addition,Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport(OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Steel Coil Roll Forming Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting-Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureTorque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHigh Glass Acrylic Cosmetic Display Makeup Displaythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Constructionshowing the collected fines from this trial.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant,Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality,Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Quality Softgel Capsule,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee). FigureEVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCheap Wholesale Yoga Leggingsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock(Fig.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing). FigureNew Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier.
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DISCUSSION
API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair-infrared spectrometry (OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining). In addition,130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights.Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings.
As shown in Fig.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Saw Blade for Harvester Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels(Nonionic Polyacrylamid For Industry Drilling Mud,Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance, regardless of the sensor position.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Adjustable 8 Antennas High Power GPS/ WiFi/ 315/ 433 Jammer).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale,Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler.
Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph.
Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
