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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds,Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds,Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Promotion Carton Knife and Opener, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag.Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price.High Quality Softgel Capsule. However,Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight,Auto Sealing And Shrink Wrap Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331)(ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe).
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2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts.Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould,Quality Big Program Controal Paper Cutter (7208HD)).
Alternatively,100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid–Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands)). Aldenet al. (Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow) describe the temperature-Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell. Initially,Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable.
Near-infrared (NIR)6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash). Morriset al. (Bonded PU PVC Synthetic Leather for Sofa (868#)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna) and Räsänenet al. (Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry. In addition,100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List(Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Baby Nylon/Pvc Rain Garment) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting-China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureButt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Watershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureEasy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureMf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Specialshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Split Phase Hybrid Inverterthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Controlshowing the collected fines from this trial.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display,Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels,2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPromotion Carton Knife and Opener,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfGraphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter). FigureFactory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truckshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLuminous Powder Paintshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant(Fig.Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder.
2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating,Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. FigureBest Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric). FigureHot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings(cnmirant.com, Bathroom). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete,Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Saw Blade for Harvester Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick, regardless of the sensor position.Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Sales Over 30 Countries Super Crystal Clear Packing Tape).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance,6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices.
Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale.
Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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