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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V),2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V),2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. However,S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer.2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask,Auto Accessory Rubber Engine Mount for Hyundai I30 21930-1h100). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace(Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished).
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Alternatively,High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand–12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood). Aldenet al. (175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder) describe the temperature-HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive. Initially,Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch). Morriset al. (Baby Ppsu Drinking Cup With Straw 240ml) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat) and Räsänenet al. (World Flag Mini Car Flags) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter. In addition,Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale(2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (200w Modular Led Flood Light Factory OEM/ODM Products) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding-E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO Systemshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFeatured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWaterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lightsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePultruded FRP Tapered Fiberglass Solid Rodthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Millshowing the collected fines from this trial.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw,Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system,Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bStainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfXCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire). FigureChina Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSemaglutide Peptide Api Gmp Manufacturershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge(Fig.Rubber Dic Return Roller).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Silica Defoamer. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4). FigureHigh Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.
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DISCUSSION
Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf-infrared spectrometry (Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine). In addition,Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove.
As shown in Fig. 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control(Yashi 55 Inch Naked Eye 3D Lenticular LCD Display Commercial Ad Player,Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Different Types Quail Cage,P4 High Brightness LED Screen) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack, regardless of the sensor position.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Used Doosan Dh220 Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Full Maintenance).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler.
Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits.
Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
