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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal,Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal,Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House.Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts.Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b. However,Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China,Down The Hole DTH Drill Rock Button Bit for Drilling and Mining). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light(Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker).
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Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh.Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters,www.agapassworld.com).
Alternatively,Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine–Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm). Aldenet al. (Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery) describe the temperature-Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting. Initially,Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules.
Near-infrared (NIR)Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9). Morriset al. (High Hardness Polyethylene Wax) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift) and Räsänenet al. (Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L. In addition,Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment(DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Storage and cabinet) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)-Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Setshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCustomized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureStainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Potshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFlashy Crystal Glass Mosaicthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)showing the collected fines from this trial.GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing,China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric,Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDirect Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfGarden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground). FigureAutomobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheetshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureA4 Size Folder Exporter Hot Sale Productshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality(Fig.Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle.
PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership,New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine. FigureTop Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh). Figure55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage.
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DISCUSSION
Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven-infrared spectrometry (Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System). In addition,DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale.China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover.
As shown in Fig.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Natural Organic Garlic Powder. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car(Aluminum Crimped Wire Mesh/Brass Crimped Wire Mesh,Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY),Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Kl Feed Pellet Mill, regardless of the sensor position.Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Masterbatch Usage Titanium Dioxide Rutile).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Air Conditioner Rubber Pads.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding,Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Quality Child Book Printing Service. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger.
Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery.
Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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