Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate
andMost Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car InverterFTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass,New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass,New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry.IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction. However,PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material,Dialysis Medical Supplies). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump( Manual).
Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router, Anchor Clamp).Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet, care must be taken to avoid over-Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow.
50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail,201 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh Supplier Best-Selling).
Alternatively,Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph–12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness). Aldenet al. (Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)) describe the temperature-Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine. Initially,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons.
Near-infrared (NIR)Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer). Morriset al. (Finger Oxygen Manufacturers Cheap Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts) and Räsänenet al. (34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator. In addition,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear(Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Manufacturer Wood Log Splitter) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer-42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising.
PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel-circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.
Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureOilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWhite Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustomized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureModern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Roomshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureTrapezoidal Threaded Rodsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kitshowing the collected fines from this trial.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick,Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bJh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfColorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal). FigureCold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coilshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAc Servo Driver And Motorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)(Fig.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel.
off Grid Solar Power System 5kw,Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream. FigureFuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining). FigureKiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment.
EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine
DISCUSSION
Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair-infrared spectrometry (1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate). In addition,Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen.
As shown in Fig.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane(Vawt 100W Vertical Axis Wind Turbine,High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats,Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose, regardless of the sensor position.E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Hot Sale 4mm Galvanized Mild Steel Wire).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket.
Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting.
Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.
Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet-Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine.
Acknowledgments
High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate(NSERC)3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
