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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons,Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons,Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor. However,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Custom Screw,Connector Waterproof Factory & Manufacturer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum(Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan).
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Alternatively,Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber–New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine). Aldenet al. (Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone) describe the temperature-Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. Initially,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header). Morriset al. (Replacement 2600R025WHC retuturn oil filter of hydac) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet) and Räsänenet al. (Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. In addition,New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay(High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Epe Foam Manual Laminator) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato-Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureNew Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureFTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Couplershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureExtruded Plastic Profilesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine,Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale,Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety). FigureMini Digger Hot Sale in Australiashows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHardcover Book Printing Colorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine(Fig.Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes). FigureAndroid7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100).
DISCUSSION
Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet-infrared spectrometry (Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer). In addition,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator.Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow.
As shown in Fig.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill(Tablet Glass Bottle,3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS,GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine, regardless of the sensor position.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.gl-fiber.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising.
PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.
Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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