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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006),OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006),OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats. However,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant,New Style Magnet Pegboard Hook). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit(Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens).
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White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess,High Quality 1.0ton Mini Small Crawler Excavator).
Alternatively,Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction–Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe). Aldenet al. (High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock) describe the temperature-22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo. Initially,Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb.
Near-infrared (NIR)Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm). Morriset al. (Cheap Price Handmade Sink) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting) and Räsänenet al. (2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp. In addition,New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate(Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Shopping Mall Kiosk) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box-TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureOutdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lightingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFlexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFood Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nailshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBOPP Film for Capacitor Use 4.5 Margin Metallized Polyester Filmthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiographshowing the collected fines from this trial.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control,Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle,Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfD-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)). Figure1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePlain Kraft Paper Soft Cover School Lined Notebook in Good Qualityshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil(Fig.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale). FigureChina Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons.
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DISCUSSION
Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear-infrared spectrometry (Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft). In addition,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising.
As shown in Fig.Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material(Mason Jar With Lid,Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder,20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China Kids Table Chairs).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve,White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera.
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Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
