Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel,fujielevator-jp). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill(Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp).

0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio,2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light).Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case, care must be taken to avoid over-Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.

1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter.China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation,Acrylic Sofa Bed For Pet).

Alternatively,Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers–HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr). Aldenet al. (30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)) describe the temperature-42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel. Initially,circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY).

Near-infrared (NIR)Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide). Morriset al. (Dental Ultrasonic Polish Jewelry Eyeglass Watches Cleaner Cleaning Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass) and Räsänenet al. (Industrial Used ISO Tank Container) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling. In addition,Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts(Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Bulk Coffee Cans) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans-Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag.

3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter-Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical.

Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller

Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer

Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureTell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Tableshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service

Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureSemi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

Electric Bicycle With Hidden Battery Supplier & Manufacturer

Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock

Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish

Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure3d Printer Manufacturers In Chennaithen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Stripshowing the collected fines from this trial.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training.

Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable

Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAndroid7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts). FigureProfessional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optionalshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureProgeneus Waterproofing Fiber Cement Board Water Proof Boardshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women(Fig.Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine).

Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating

Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole

Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen.%, the criterion for dry granules.

m.gilardinoflooring.com

Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag).

High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater

Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower.

Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO,Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. FigureCrucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

High Quality and Low Price Hot Rolled Steel Pipe

Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins). Figure12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians.

Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint

Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane

DISCUSSION

24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)-infrared spectrometry (Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04). In addition,Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose.E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock.

As shown in Fig.XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table(Machine For Cutting Metal,Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit,Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc, regardless of the sensor position.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Iron Oxide Adsorbent Reactors for Landfill Gas).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window.

Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate.

3000 Watt  12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.

The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um.

Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric-Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture.

Acknowledgments

References