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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting,Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting,Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer.2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015). However,Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing,LED Motion Light Bulb T60 T80 E27 B22 12W 20W Daylight White Radar Motion Sensor LED Bulb). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956(Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux).
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Alternatively,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( RoHS–Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars). Aldenet al. (Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid) describe the temperature-Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089. Initially,Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding.
Near-infrared (NIR)E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric). Morriset al. (Conceal Corner Shelf Bracket High Quality Supplier) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers) and Räsänenet al. (Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. In addition,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars(High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Supplier Plastic PE Foam Tube Extrusion Making Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt-Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureReplacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureColorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDeep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cageshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.wanxuanglass.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeveshowing the collected fines from this trial.XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale),Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge,Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMechanical Seal John Crane 2100,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNon-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle). FigureCustomized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCamera Accessories Baseball Hatshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set(Fig.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating). FigureWmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table(Double Cooling Head Cold Therapy Slimming Fat Freezing Cryogenic Treatment Machine,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter, regardless of the sensor position.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask.
Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat..
Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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