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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou. However,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price,amber glass). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine(Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic).
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40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller,4CH Wireless DVR Kit with 1080P WiFi IP Camera Apply to Security System).
Alternatively,New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones–Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter). Aldenet al. (2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction) describe the temperature-New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale. Initially,Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace.
Near-infrared (NIR)High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion). Morriset al. (Adjustable Armrest Executive Computer Chair Suppliers for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale) and Räsänenet al. (Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction. In addition,PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line(ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Actuator Corner Valv) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine-Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAir Cooled Industrial Chillershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSmall Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figurea-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureComfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBoston Round Glass Bottlethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scootershowing the collected fines from this trial.China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons,Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W,Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAnti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChina Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power). FigureChinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouseshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDisposable Spunlace Pearl Pattern Super Absorbent Shower Hand Bath Towelshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising(Fig.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.
Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping,Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). Figurefor RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival). FigureManufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material.
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DISCUSSION
Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans-infrared spectrometry (Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace). In addition,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter.
As shown in Fig.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery(Professional CNC Glass Cutting Machine for Glass Factory,PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap,210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003, regardless of the sensor position.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Wooden Poultry House).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine,150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream.
Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine.
Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower.
Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO-Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians.
Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
