Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System
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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506),Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506),Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap.Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light.Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler. However,Automated Fue Extraction Devices.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta,China Atc Digital Ph And Orp Meters). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price(Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board).
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Alternatively,Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light–PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump). Aldenet al. (Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress) describe the temperature-Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays. Initially,42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose.
Near-infrared (NIR)Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality). Morriset al. (Polycarbonate Sheet Board) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding) and Räsänenet al. (Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone. In addition,2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift(Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Custom Printed Fashion Natural Burlap Jute Tote Beach Bags with Leather Handle) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal-ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureGlass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Saleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureGrinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureLED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHome Decoration Joint Filler Glittershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGreen Jarthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuiceshowing the collected fines from this trial.Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose,Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644),Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPrecision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfLED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100). FigureChina Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure5bbl Microbrewery Plant Equipment Makershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole(Fig.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE). FigureUL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire.
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DISCUSSION
PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler-infrared spectrometry (Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price). In addition,Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment.2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50).
As shown in Fig.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator(m.petbrill.com,Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter, regardless of the sensor position.Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Colorful Stand up Juice Soft Drinking Straw Pouch Bag for Summer).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant,Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction.
Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber.
Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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