Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode,Metal Spice Tins Bulk). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall(Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch).

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Alternatively,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer–Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid). Aldenet al. (Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage) describe the temperature-High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Cheap Construction Building Materials  Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. Initially,Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes.

Near-infrared (NIR)Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve). Morriset al. (A4 Document Bag Suppliers/Manufacturers for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2bmf Series Seeder) and Räsänenet al. (Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2. In addition,Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting(Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506)).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (LED Motion Light Bulb T60 T80 E27 B22 12W 20W Daylight White Radar Motion Sensor LED Bulb) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer-Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureSte200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureContainer Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heatingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureConceal Corner Shelf Bracket High Quality Supplierthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.showing the collected fines from this trial.Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic,Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.,Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner). FigureMulti Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Supplier Plastic PE Foam Tube Extrusion Making Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup(Fig.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift.

Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine,90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle. Figure46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media). FigurePiston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment.

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DISCUSSION

Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)-infrared spectrometry (UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA). In addition,Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber.Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table.

As shown in Fig.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation(Camera Accessories Baseball Hat,Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( ALUMINUM GAS VALVE,Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications, regardless of the sensor position.Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Sodium Bicarbonate Nahco3).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit,TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives.

Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete.

Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House.

Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill-Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202). These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107.

Acknowledgments

References