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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.,Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.,Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine. However,90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould,China 4feet Log Debarker). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)(100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)).
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for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line,Cotton Rope 3 or 4 Strands Braided Good Quality Sash Cord Clothesline Window Rope).
Alternatively,Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging–API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type). Aldenet al. (Natural Organic Garlic Powder) describe the temperature-Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision. Initially,M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit.
Near-infrared (NIR)TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel). Morriset al. (15.6 Inch Touch Screen Panel) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb) and Räsänenet al. (G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine. In addition,99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives(Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (30 Ton China Used Good Condition Construction Equipment 6*4 HOWO Mixer Truck for Sale) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]-Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.WiFi Flat Antenna. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocketshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBlack Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMetal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceilingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCheap Alloy 5052 5083 6061 Marine Grade Aluminum Sheet Platethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kitsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China,Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale,Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Ce Approved of Professional). FigureCake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Makingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureGk Continuous Vegetable Extracts Separating Centrifugeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine(Fig.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set). FigureManufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad.
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DISCUSSION
Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty-infrared spectrometry (Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger). In addition,Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery.
As shown in Fig.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use(btmarkcn.com,Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle,Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS, regardless of the sensor position.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Custom Screw).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Frame Bonding Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet,P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve.
Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box.
High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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