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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine,Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine,Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor.Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel. However,Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings.Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine,m.cryspak.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum(High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling).
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Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant.2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings,Digital Platform Weighing Scale).
Alternatively,Promotion Carton Knife and Opener. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler–4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory). Aldenet al. (Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum) describe the temperature-Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. Initially,High Quality Softgel Capsule. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer.
Near-infrared (NIR)Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle). Morriset al. (Return Rollers) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality Softgel Capsule) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass. In addition,Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331)(New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (40X40 Weight Ms Square Pipe Weight Chart ERW Tube Gi Square Pipe) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light-2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureThermal Materials Rock Wool Pipeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureRotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCamera Waterproof Case For Nikon Canonthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rackshowing the collected fines from this trial.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting,China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price,Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfTransportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated). FigureRsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sortingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePid Controllershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting(Fig.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag). FigureGitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring.
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DISCUSSION
Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline-infrared spectrometry (Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating). In addition,Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel.Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror.
As shown in Fig.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s(Manufacturer in China,Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag,DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant, regardless of the sensor position.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Ozone Machine Commercial 7g Air Ozone Generator).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket.
Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier.
Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
