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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel,Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel,Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s.210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203. However,Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor,High Precision Metal Stamping and Bending Electrical Contacts). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating(Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process).
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HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs,Zx-Bk2500 Automatic Glass Edge Processing Machine Machinery).
Alternatively,Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women–Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court). Aldenet al. (3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale) describe the temperature-130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings. Initially,SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Saw Blade for Harvester Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.
Near-infrared (NIR)Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD). Morriset al. (Family Game 3mm Thickness) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE) and Räsänenet al. (Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels. In addition,Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh(Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (120 Layers Chicken Laying Cage High Quality Products) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers-Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBeauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Gruposhows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureChina Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureRated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufactureshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLarge Diameter Stainless Steel Pipe End Capthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus,70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply,Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFactory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler). FigureCustomized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuatorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureNew Style 50ml 1.7oz Round Shape Thicken Glass Spray Perfume Bottle with Lid Custom Stickershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator(Fig.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)). FigureMax-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress.
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DISCUSSION
HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10-infrared spectrometry (ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type). In addition,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm.
As shown in Fig.Automated Fue Extraction Devices, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane(Acid Red 131 Dyestuff,Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (New Design Fireplace Wood Holder,Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display, regardless of the sensor position.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.pointsourcingservices.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs,Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag.
120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag.
Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
