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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph,Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph,Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe.Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus. However,70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply.Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal,www.mintiangroup.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator(Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer).
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Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345),One Way Needle Clutch Bearing (HF HFL RC)).
Alternatively,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe–High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)). Aldenet al. (Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking) describe the temperature-High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. Initially,8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane.
Near-infrared (NIR)4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material). Morriset al. (Backpack Waterproof Dslr Cases) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil) and Räsänenet al. (a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger. In addition,P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display(Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (White Round Shape PP Plastic Cosmetic Makeup Face Cream Jar) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts-High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Homeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCe Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureGood Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurepulpmaskthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Craneshowing the collected fines from this trial.Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine,PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping,EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChina Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery). FigureHandy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure4 Port Network Wall Plate Manufacturers Cheap Priceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can(Fig.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank). Figure2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth.
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DISCUSSION
Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers-infrared spectrometry (Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229)). In addition,Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH).Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber.
As shown in Fig.12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts(New Design Fashion Jewellery 925 Sterling Silver Colored Zirconia Earrings for Sale,High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle, regardless of the sensor position.Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Blue Tinted Colored Tempered Float Glass).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt,Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine.
Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope.
Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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