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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800),Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800),Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw. However,Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge(FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box).
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Alternatively,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter–Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta). Aldenet al. (Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board) describe the temperature-High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107). Initially,Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control.
Near-infrared (NIR)Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe). Morriset al. (www.jxmelamine.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle) and Räsänenet al. (Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings. In addition,4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack(Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Fiber Laser Marking Machine/ Fiber Laser Printer for PVC/Industiral Product) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table-Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureKynko Angle Grinder for Grindingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCamouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureChina Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclubshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureRaw Material Ha Hyaluronic Acid Factory & Manufacturerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Saleshowing the collected fines from this trial.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock,Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile,Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bEvent Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. SAA). FigureDouble Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Pistonshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePaint Bristle Brush Garden Tool for Artist and Paintingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder(Fig.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:off Grid Solar Power System 3kw.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift). Figure0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header.
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DISCUSSION
Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers-infrared spectrometry (Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women). In addition,3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.
As shown in Fig.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch(Checkered Plate Size,3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD,Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels, regardless of the sensor position.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Custom Logo More Color Ladies Sandals Fashion Big Faux Furry Plush Women PVC Wholesale Fox Fur Slides Slippers for Woman and Bag).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T).
2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.
China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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Acknowledgments
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References
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