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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green,Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green,Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves.PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler.Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment. However,2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50).Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041),Forged Steel Ball For Ball Mill). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar(100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen).
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Alternatively,Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process–Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set). Aldenet al. (Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower) describe the temperature-Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction. Initially,Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line.
Near-infrared (NIR)Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table). Morriset al. (Car Motorcycle Bike Mini Digital Tire Gauge Tire Diagnostic LCD Display Universal Car Digital Tire Pressure Tool Gauge) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing) and Räsänenet al. (Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet. In addition,Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding(OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Children Coat Jacket Manufacturers Cheap Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP-7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Stickershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBest Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Armshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEcg Cablethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machineryshowing the collected fines from this trial.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting,Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample,Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bModern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMilling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift). FigureGlass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMini Kitchen Knife Sharpenershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground(Fig.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp). FigureVintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing.
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DISCUSSION
2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP-infrared spectrometry (Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)). In addition,OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap.Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat.
As shown in Fig.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting(Led Bulb For Table Lamp,Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet,Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V), regardless of the sensor position.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China Plastic Extrusion Equipment Wholesaler).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes,Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer.
2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe.
500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
