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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013),Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013),Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. However,1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate,Stuffed Plush Baby Rattle Monkey Toy). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover(19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100).
Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor,Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process).Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC, care must be taken to avoid over-Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material.
Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine,Diesel Generator 12 Kw).
Alternatively,Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift–Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs). Aldenet al. (Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women) describe the temperature-Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. Initially,PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court). Morriset al. (Vicco Turmeric Skin Cream Acrylic Liquid Soap Dispenser Ephedrine Powder) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale) and Räsänenet al. (Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. In addition,American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid(Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Factory supplied High-energy Uav Power Supply - Inverter with Battery Charger 600W - Ligao) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia-Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAutomotive Speakers Snial Horn for Carsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureIntelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Menshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureExpandable Flat Pack Container House with Competitive Pricethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)showing the collected fines from this trial.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine,PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence,3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSmart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfColor Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine). FigureKampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePvc Crust Celuka Foam Boardshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete(Fig.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light). FigureOxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S)(Permanent NdFeB Magnet Customized N42 Neodymium Magnet Arc Magnet with Adhesive,ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Automated Fue Extraction Devices,Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock, regardless of the sensor position.Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (New Design Fireplace Wood Holder).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (5mm Rubber Flooring Tiles Suppliers for Sale).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads,Customized Metal Parts Stamping. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer.
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Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
