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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling. However,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003,Customized Precision High Quality CNC Turning Aluminum Control Pointer Knob). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration(100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller).
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Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction,All Types Plastic Trunking Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList).
Alternatively,Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion–2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale). Aldenet al. (Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality) describe the temperature-Rubber Dic Return Roller-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. Initially,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.
Near-infrared (NIR)CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head). Morriset al. (100w Heater) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China. In addition,Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant(200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Air Cooled Industrial Chiller) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Check Design Autumn Knitted Cotton Cardigan for Kid Coldproof Sweater) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface-Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.World Flag Mini Car Flags(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Good Quality Lift Door Slider. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbowshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureShuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureStainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNatural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Powershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAluminum 6 Lug Spacersthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouseshowing the collected fines from this trial.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator,Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAir Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPhotoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal). FigureOutdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unitshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWater Metersshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe(Fig.Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41)). FigureFocusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons.
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DISCUSSION
Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine-infrared spectrometry (Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap). In addition,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.
As shown in Fig.210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials(Glp-1(7-36) Acetate Gmp Exporter From China,Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer,Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper, regardless of the sensor position.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Ab Slim Slim-Cellulose Slimming Capsule Weight Loss Safe Formula).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre,Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event.
65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats.
Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
