Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts,glass mason jar). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063(Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw).

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Alternatively,Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products–White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou). Aldenet al. (China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium) describe the temperature-Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015). Initially,Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks.

Near-infrared (NIR)Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line). Morriset al. (High Purity Natural Raw Bulk Sea Salt for Industrial) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll) and Räsänenet al. (7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956. In addition,Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price(Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.bolionfpc.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit-PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440).

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureGarden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Saleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureSemi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureWelding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

2

Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureIndoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina 2sn Rubber Hosethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collarshowing the collected fines from this trial.Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale,3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts). FigureAmerican Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chairshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure2years Warranty IP65 Waterproof Washroom Bathroom 9W 12W 14W 16W SMD LED Mirror Lightshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging(Fig.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves). FigureFeatured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07.

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain(1000 Lumen Led Headlamp,2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry,Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205, regardless of the sensor position.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Door Pull Handles Manufacturers Cheap Price).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove,High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block.

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Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.

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Acknowledgments

References