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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55.Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker. However,Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians,Circulation Pump Manufacturers Cheap Price). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof(Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part).
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Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat,Generator Charge Micro Grid).
Alternatively,HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine–Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer). Aldenet al. (OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China) describe the temperature-Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains. Initially,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder.
Near-infrared (NIR)L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber). Morriset al. (www.gzyezhifurniture.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)) and Räsänenet al. (Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory. In addition,2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger(Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (48hrs Fresh Essence Lasting Wild Freesia Deodorant Stick for Women) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display-Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torchshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureProfessional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCe Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supplyshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure1220*2440mm Mdf High Gloss Boardthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-Lshowing the collected fines from this trial.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy,Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine,PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMotorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPlastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay). FigureHot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phoneshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCuatomized HDPE Plastic Gift Bag with Die Cut Handleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium(Fig.Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt). FigurePopular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case.
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DISCUSSION
Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking-infrared spectrometry (Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press). In addition,12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH).
As shown in Fig.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers(Retractable SMC Backboard Portable Residential Free Standing Basketball Goals,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth,High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel, regardless of the sensor position.Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Dish-Washing Machine Conductive Connector Terminal).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel,China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price.
Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding.
Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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