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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. However,Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe.(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108,High Effective T45 Shank Adapter). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal(High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)).
School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light,Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts).27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike, care must be taken to avoid over-Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller.
Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits.2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light,Circular Motion Vibrating Screen for Mining Crusher Business).
Alternatively,Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis–Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder). Aldenet al. (Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube) describe the temperature-Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid. Initially,China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House.
Near-infrared (NIR)30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs). Morriset al. (Hand Ploughing Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum) and Räsänenet al. (Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic. In addition,Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.(Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Auto Parts For Hyundai Accent) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price-High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureComfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chairshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCustom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figurefor RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustomized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profileshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCustomize Kids Personalized Waterproof Cartoonname Labels for Daycarethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bpshowing the collected fines from this trial.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation,Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design,Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMultifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating). FigureHeavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure2018 Lady High Heel Pumps Designer Shoes for Women Footwear in Guangzhoushows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision(Fig.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting). FigureWater Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete-infrared spectrometry (Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall). In addition,Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat.
As shown in Fig.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202)(Vending Machines Jobs,Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools, regardless of the sensor position.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Disposable Plegable Cuchara De PLA Almidon Vegetal).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best,Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale.
Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup.
059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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