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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press,Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press,Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder.Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal.LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display. However,New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve.510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup,Clear Powder Coating). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality( Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer).
High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process,Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set).Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator, care must be taken to avoid over-New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat.
High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail.4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment.Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower,m.czmtev.com).
Alternatively,Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table–Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing). Aldenet al. (Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades) describe the temperature-Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity. Initially,Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer.
Near-infrared (NIR)Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining). Morriset al. (Gi PPGI Steel Coil Supplier in China) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler) and Räsänenet al. (Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506). In addition,Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones(Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Metal Gold & Silver Manicure 3D Nail Art Decorations) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker-Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Automated Fue Extraction Devices.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMobility Foldable Adult Electric Scootersshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePolyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWaterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Liftshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.vtimejewelry.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Saleshowing the collected fines from this trial.Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube,Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet,The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfUltra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine). FigureP3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Displayshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSteam Boiler Casting Parts Boiler Chain Grate Bar Stokershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard(Fig.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose.
Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts,Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone. FigureFurniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002), however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep). Figure2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift.
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DISCUSSION
ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished-infrared spectrometry (Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet). In addition,Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception.Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer.
As shown in Fig.Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm(Rtj Flange,Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet,Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights, regardless of the sensor position.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Waterproof Rock Wool Sandwich Panel Insulation Rockwool Panels for Clean Room).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask,Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine.
PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W).
AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
