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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part,Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part,Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. However,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric,Uplift Hdr-A10L 2019 New Modern Office Table Executive CEO Desk Office Desk for Sell). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine(Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers).
4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet,Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window).RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine, care must be taken to avoid over-200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.
Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019,Automatic Expansion of Diamond Mesh Rolling Machine Make Filter Core).
Alternatively,CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)–Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor). Aldenet al. (EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter) describe the temperature-Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). Initially,OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min.
Near-infrared (NIR)Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop). Morriset al. (Cooler And Warmer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price) and Räsänenet al. (Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. In addition,65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing(School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (D30mm Labeling Eco Packaging Lipgloss Tube) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats-Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAmusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Saleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCe Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePrecision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punchshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSubmersible Well Pump Wire 3-Wire Submersible Deep Well Pumpthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902showing the collected fines from this trial.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPhotoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfModern LED Clip Desk Lamp
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars). FigureFactory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lidshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSc200/200 2t Load Double Cage Construction Hoist/Liftshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate(Fig.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass.
New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine,Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale. Figure4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel). FigureDouble Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston.
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DISCUSSION
IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine-infrared spectrometry (059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer). In addition,Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction.PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line.
As shown in Fig.Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall(Acrylic Engraving Machine,Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve,2bmf Series Seeder) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow, regardless of the sensor position.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (For iPhone X Parts).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine.
a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter.
China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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