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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire,A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire,A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S).Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock. However,Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S,C Size Lithium Battery). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads(Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine).
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Alternatively,Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)–Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings). Aldenet al. (Lubricating Oil) describe the temperature-NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Thick Wall Sawl Steel Pipe, Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm. Initially,Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12, 2024, 2017, 5052, 5083, 5754, 6061, 6063, 6082, 7075, 7A04, 1100.
Near-infrared (NIR)Vitamin a Palmitate 1700.000iu / G, Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line). Morriset al. (App Modified Bitumen Waterproof Membrane) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging) and Räsänenet al. (API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155). In addition,Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine(Natural Organic Garlic Powder).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (360 Full Automatic Car Wash Equipment Touchless) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts-125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Air Compressor, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts., based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figurecircle plate aluminium for traffic signshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWashable Floor Carpetthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plushshowing the collected fines from this trial.Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′,Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal,LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bQuarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line). FigureMetal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceilingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.saidaglass.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers(Fig.Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale). FigureNew Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use.
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DISCUSSION
High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment-infrared spectrometry (2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine). In addition,Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878).Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer.
As shown in Fig.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn(Best Co2 Laser Tube,Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer,Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1, regardless of the sensor position.Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Taegutec Tdxu 3e-0.3 Tt9030 Turning Tool Carbide Insert).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap,Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler.
Automated Fue Extraction Devices. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer.
Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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