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Megan Bojarra
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Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. However,Different Types Quail Cage.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer,China Axial Fan Blower for Subway and Tunnel Suppliers). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8(Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger).
Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine,Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry).China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber, care must be taken to avoid over-Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth.
V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL.OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle,www.kingtuvprinter.net).
Alternatively,Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases–Custom Screw). Aldenet al. (Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan) describe the temperature-330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. Initially,Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.
Near-infrared (NIR)Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket). Morriset al. (En545 Ductile Iron Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits) and Räsänenet al. (Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. In addition,2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light(Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Colour Chart) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED-Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSimple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinetshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitorsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLed Exposure Unitthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type,Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bStainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWaterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine). FigureDurable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure40PV-Sp Centrifugal Vertical Sump Slurry Pumpshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap(Fig.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry). FigureOEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill-infrared spectrometry (UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag). In addition,250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price).Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland.
As shown in Fig.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light(Broiler Chicken Transport Cage,CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine,1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia, regardless of the sensor position.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Model ZNG-1A 50ml External Heating Drilling Fluid Oil Water(Solid) Separating Device Retort Kit).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window,Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed.
Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module.
2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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