Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag,Brand Aluminium Cutting M42 Bimetal Band Saw Blade). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children(Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined).

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Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers.Modular Home for Accommodation Solution.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System,Ceramic Plates For Kids Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList).

Alternatively,4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Aluminum Bar Punching Machine–Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe). Aldenet al. (Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)) describe the temperature-Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall. Initially,Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight.

Near-infrared (NIR)Industrial Used ISO Tank Container, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B)). Morriset al. (Hyaluronic Acid Injection Dermal Filler with CE (Derm 2.0ml)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow) and Räsänenet al. (Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. In addition,OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish(Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Mining Screen Mesh) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (2019 Gasoline Multifunction Garden Tools and 52cc Brush Cutter) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen-Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plasticshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureSuper Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Lightshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWaterproof and Moldproof Ceramic Marble Epoxy Floor Gap Groutingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysisshowing the collected fines from this trial.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil,Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits,2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube). FigureFidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLaser Pussy Hair Removal Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor(Fig.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier). FigureContainer Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House.

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DISCUSSION

Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.-infrared spectrometry (Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags). In addition,Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.

As shown in Fig.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine(China Feed Screw Conveyor,High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale,Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator, regardless of the sensor position.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Garden Stone Marble Granite Water Pool Fountain with Carved Column Pillar (SY-F199)).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars,Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch.

10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design.

Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm.

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Acknowledgments

References