Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table,Two Head 1325 Laser Cutting Engraving Machine Leather Fabric MDF Leather Acrylic Plastic Laser Cutter Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline(China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe).

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Alternatively,210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control–Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)). Aldenet al. (Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter) describe the temperature-Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder. Initially,2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock.

Near-infrared (NIR)Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck). Morriset al. (Cement Lined Steel Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap) and Räsänenet al. (Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment. In addition,HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket(Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Promotional Advertising Custom Metal Ball Pen Cheap Ballpoint Pen) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls-New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureRotary Barrel Finishing Machinesshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureWater Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibusshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMotor Automobile Shock-Absorber Vehicle Less-Leaf Spring Steel Manufacturing Springthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. Bathroomshowing the collected fines from this trial.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine,Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale,Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSpray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom). FigureHealth Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Braceletshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHdpe Tubing For Water Supply Factory OEM/ODM Productsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting(Fig.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing.

Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material,Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis. FigureChina Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale). FigureChina Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe.

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DISCUSSION

Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus-infrared spectrometry (PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light). In addition,70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply.Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality.

As shown in Fig.Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck(Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting End Plug Schedule 40 NSF-Pw & Upc (ASTM D2466),Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase, Red Cable Ties) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress, regardless of the sensor position.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Burger Patty Meat Pie Forming Machine from China).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm,High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch.

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4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe.

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Acknowledgments

References