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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Natural Organic Garlic Powder,Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Natural Organic Garlic Powder,Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board.Kl Feed Pellet Mill. However,Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Air Conditioner Rubber Pads-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo,Kitchen Sponge Holder). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding(Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP).
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Alternatively,Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe–Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair). Aldenet al. (F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits) describe the temperature-Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration. Initially,Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand.
Near-infrared (NIR)Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar). Morriset al. (Individual Makeup Brush) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment) and Räsänenet al. (Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber. In addition,Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum(Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Wood CNC Engraving Machine 3040 Metal CNC Router) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4-Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Promotion Carton Knife and Opener. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Quality Softgel Capsule. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureEra UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upcshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSave 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureNew 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabricshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureElectric Motorcycle 1000wthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargersshowing the collected fines from this trial.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light,2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine,500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window). FigureFactory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBaby Shoes Workshopshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts(Fig.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use). FigureMaufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set.
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DISCUSSION
Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc-infrared spectrometry (Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale). In addition,Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine.
As shown in Fig. 904L, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground(EVA Foam Hard Guitar Case&Bag with Handle,Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux,Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting, regardless of the sensor position.Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Wholesale Cheap Custom Epoxy 3D Fridge Magnet for Sale).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring,Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline.
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Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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