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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper,Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper,Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. However,DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle,Thick Wall Argan Oil Roller Ball Bottle 10ml Square Glass Essential Oil Bottle). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape(Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap).
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New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock,120ml 4oz Boston Glass Bottle).
Alternatively,White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels–42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising). Aldenet al. (Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser) describe the temperature-Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door. Initially,Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo.
Near-infrared (NIR)Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock). Morriset al. (Paint Tool Set) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel) and Räsänenet al. (99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0. In addition,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb(Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Api 5l Spiral Welded Ssaw Steel Pipe) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight-Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureOffice Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logoshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAndroid7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureGrey Cast Iron Drainage Pipeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureL Shaped Office Sofathen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chairshowing the collected fines from this trial.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator,Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar). Figure4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipmentshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure4 Panel Sliding Doorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ(Fig.Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel). FigureSmall Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine.
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DISCUSSION
1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons-infrared spectrometry (300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric). In addition,Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator.
As shown in Fig.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal(Leather Car Key Case,Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window,Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material, regardless of the sensor position.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Automatic PUR Film Laminting Line Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter,Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve.
White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery.
WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
