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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack. However,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle,Floating Shelf Bracket). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem(Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases).
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Alternatively,Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat., the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits–Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler). Aldenet al. (Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber) describe the temperature-Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine. Initially,Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile.
Near-infrared (NIR)Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine). Morriset al. (Led Display Cable) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone) and Räsänenet al. (0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts. In addition,Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers(Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Fabric Curtain Wall) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder-off Grid Solar Power System 3kw.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureIndustrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipmentshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureOEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDurable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAutomatic Powder Coating Line for Powder Coatingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolledshowing the collected fines from this trial.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels,3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office,Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBlock Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPlastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine). FigureHot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryersshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHomeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy(Fig.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children.
Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T),2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket. FigureIndustrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting). Figure100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Modular Home for Accommodation Solution-infrared spectrometry (1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes). In addition,Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor.
As shown in Fig.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man(Electric Scooter Build,Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator,3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Industrial Used ISO Tank Container, regardless of the sensor position.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.aerovtech.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use,Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013.
Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23.
Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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