Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window,Spiral Duct Forming Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table(Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation).

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Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment.2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50).Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Home Elevator for 2-4 Person,m.febwebbing.com).

Alternatively,CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair–Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector). Aldenet al. (Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine) describe the temperature-Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale. Initially,15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch.

Near-infrared (NIR)Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting). Morriset al. (Popular Rose Gold Paper Gift Cosmetic Gift Packaging Box Wholesale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials) and Räsänenet al. (Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock. In addition,Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate(3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Carbon Steel Bridge Slotted Water Well Screens for Well Drilling) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant-Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureBuilding Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powdersshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureChina Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureToilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureRoad Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushionshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLong Sleeve High Visibility Shirtthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Priceshowing the collected fines from this trial.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room,Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDisposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining). Figure00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Boardshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBiopolymer Flocculant Poly Glutamic Acid Factory & Manufacturershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof(Fig.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator.

Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump,Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash. Figure1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)). FigureHeat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting.

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DISCUSSION

Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router-infrared spectrometry (Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting). In addition,Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground.

As shown in Fig.Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing(www.lowcled.com,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill,PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP, regardless of the sensor position.OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)). Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cast Iron Sauce Pan with Wooden Handle).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle,Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019.

Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V).

2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes.

Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100-Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer.

Acknowledgments

References