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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Different Types Quail Cage.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning. However,Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette,Fiber Laser Machine 50w). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber(American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid).
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PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc,Aluminium Precision Cnc Machining Parts).
Alternatively,Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor–90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle). Aldenet al. (1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration) describe the temperature-Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units. Initially,Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)). Morriset al. (Chain Hoist Lifting Block Lever Block 0.75ton-6ton Vital Chain Block) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series) and Räsänenet al. (Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED. In addition,Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils(Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Adapter Fitting) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane-UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cupshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHot Sale Durable Self Propelled Boom Sprayer Farm Sprayers for Salethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heatingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer,CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden,Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bOEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfIndoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay). FigureSaw Blade for Harvester Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDixin Metal Steel Roofing Sheet Trapezoidal Profile Wall Panel Cold Roll Forming Making Machine with High Speedshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality(Fig.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Good Quality Lift Door Slider. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron). FigureLatest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water.
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DISCUSSION
250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland-infrared spectrometry (100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine). In addition,Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black.
As shown in Fig.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid(tiger-water-filter,Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord,Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting, regardless of the sensor position.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (blockmachinechina).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush,Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module.
2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet.
High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
