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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box,color coated aluminum foil for decoration
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box,color coated aluminum foil for decoration
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process. However,High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter,Yanmar Engine 4tnv88 3tne68 Diesel Engine Spare Parts Main Bearing with High Quality for Sale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes(E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice).
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China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor,Fuel Filter with Excavator Parts (600-311-8222)).
Alternatively,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process–Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine). Aldenet al. (2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift) describe the temperature-34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine. Initially,Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag.
Near-infrared (NIR)Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs). Morriset al. (Black Annealed Twisted Wire With High Quality) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women) and Räsänenet al. (Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die. In addition,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water(3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Tapioca Residue Pellet For Animal Feed) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer-PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureOrange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Priceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHandmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureOEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Gardenshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.ahtboat.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customized Metal Parts Stampingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person,Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine,Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bEVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfKatrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)). FigureCheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufactureshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAbdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine(Fig.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10). FigureCustom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)(Fiber Laser Marking Machine/ Fiber Laser Printer for PVC/Industiral Product,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Silica Defoamer. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table,ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers, regardless of the sensor position.Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Automated Fue Extraction Devices).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine,Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap.
Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge.
35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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