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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).World Flag Mini Car Flags.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. However,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.Good Quality Lift Door Slider.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom,02250049-634 Air Compressor Air Release Valve for Sullair). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap(Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet).
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Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner,3d Led Fan Air Display).
Alternatively,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate–Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine). Aldenet al. (230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage) describe the temperature-China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. Initially,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price.
Near-infrared (NIR)4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS). Morriset al. (Adhesive Tape Packing Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons) and Räsänenet al. (Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. In addition,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna(Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Coil Nail Collator Manufacturers Cheap Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine-200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcaseshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lightsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.hhomedecor.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Bandshowing the collected fines from this trial.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape,F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLarge Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAnti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou). FigureChina Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadiumshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLamination Filmshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press(Fig.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine). FigureDuctile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.
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DISCUSSION
Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door-infrared spectrometry (New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier). In addition,Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory.
As shown in Fig.Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight(Concentric Flanged 12 16 48 Inch Dn 80 Butterfly Valve,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar,P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box, regardless of the sensor position.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cute Children Waterproof and Outdoor PU Rain Jacket with Print).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction.
PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.
Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
