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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery,Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery,Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds.Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration. However,Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel.Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor,Car Wash Sprayer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber(RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine).
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Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant.2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag,Wonderful Design Roof Solar Mounting with ISO9001 (SY0023)).
Alternatively,Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission–A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine). Aldenet al. (4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter) describe the temperature-Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine. Initially,New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Quality Softgel Capsule. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric.
Near-infrared (NIR)Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta). Morriset al. (Plant Source Amino Acid 50% Free Amino Acid Low Price 100% Water Soluble) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board) and Räsänenet al. (Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump. In addition,New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass(Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (chinacoinsandpins) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331)-Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMax-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dressshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePaper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logisticsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.xsz-cnc.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015)showing the collected fines from this trial.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List,Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting,China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPlastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSpray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale). Figure8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switchshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCast Iron Grinding Ball Supplier & Factoryshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport(Fig. SAA).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process). Figurefor Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel.
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DISCUSSION
Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim-infrared spectrometry (2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift). In addition,ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline.Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel.
As shown in Fig.Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels(Kemppi Welding Mask,Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court,3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering, regardless of the sensor position.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative,Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment.
HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls.
New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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