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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making,China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making,China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. However,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine,40w Edison Light Bulbs). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore(Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937).
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Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty,BLIND SPOT MIRROR).
Alternatively,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes–Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min). Aldenet al. (Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts) describe the temperature-OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. Initially,Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Different Types Quail Cage.
Near-infrared (NIR)Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale). Morriset al. (China Pop Up Sink Drain) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler) and Räsänenet al. (Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser. In addition,Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma(20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Beauty Girl Nipple Covers) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8-Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCompetitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheetshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureIndustrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHome Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Quality and Low Price EDTA-Feshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFiberglass Car Battery Cover OEM Truck Modelthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washershowing the collected fines from this trial.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light,5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED,Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfUHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap). FigureHigh Quality Thread Extension Drill Rodshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureGraphite Material Vacuum Debinding Resistance Furnaceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba(Fig.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance). FigureTop Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined.
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DISCUSSION
Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch-infrared spectrometry (Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift). In addition,4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable.
As shown in Fig.Mylar Film Slitting Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type(Indicator Lamp With Led,Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cessna Hydraulic Pump).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile,OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water.
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Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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