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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light. However,5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair,Electric Bicycle 2018). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba(OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine).
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Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013).Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags,Customized Aluminum/Stainless Steel/Brass Metal Stamping Sheet Metal Parts).
Alternatively,Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile–High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp). Aldenet al. (36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale) describe the temperature-Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion. Initially,Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.
Near-infrared (NIR)Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating). Morriset al. (Titanium Dioxide In Food) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)) and Räsänenet al. (Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. In addition,Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover(Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (End Bit Cutting Edge 107-3536 Double Bevel Flat) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap-Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureNew Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chairshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWaterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureIndustrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSamsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wallshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBPW 3 Axles Cargo Cabin Curtain Side Box Truck Semi Trailerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flagshowing the collected fines from this trial.Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia,Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide,CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNatural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm). FigureMetal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Partshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.mutrade.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window(Fig.Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining). Figure10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module.
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DISCUSSION
Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor-infrared spectrometry (2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette). In addition,Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100.
As shown in Fig.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass(4 Flutes Module Gear Milling Cutter,Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete, regardless of the sensor position.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.fq-laser.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature,Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars.
Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette.
12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S).
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Acknowledgments
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References
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