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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric. However,Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation,220v Digital Thermostat). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake(PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line).
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Alternatively,Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Ce Approved of Professional–Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making). Aldenet al. (Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce) describe the temperature-FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. Initially,Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires). Morriset al. (Custom Wholesale Shipping Gift Shoe Corrugated Color Printing Paper Box) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified) and Räsänenet al. (Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker. In addition,Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging(Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Powder Coated Spiral Wound Gasket Green or Yellow) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics-Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Different Types Quail Cage.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Different Types Quail Cage.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Different Types Quail Cage.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHome Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Setshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureChina High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureLatest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDrop Forged One Way Load Buckleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEco-Friendly Feature 2.5L Water Jugthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Casesshowing the collected fines from this trial.V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core,PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan). FigureAnti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacketshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMann Oil Filtershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera(Fig.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts). FigureIndustrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.
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DISCUSSION
Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light-infrared spectrometry (Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment). In addition,5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils.
As shown in Fig.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard(Antioxidant Propyl Gallate,Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price,Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined, regardless of the sensor position.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (CAS NO.).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable,Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design.
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Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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