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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile. However,Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc,3d Tv Shutter Glasses). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding(Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor).
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Alternatively,Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series–Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting). Aldenet al. (Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine) describe the temperature-Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. Initially,Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts.
Near-infrared (NIR)Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm). Morriset al. (Face Steam Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill) and Räsänenet al. (PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder. In addition,off Grid Solar Power System 3kw(330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (High Quality Heavy Duty Srf Tire Recycling Line Injection Mold Plastic Recycling Shredder) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine-Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Boxshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBrass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFactory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSaw Blade for Harvester Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChicken Slaughter Machine From Nanjing Chinathen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrappingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454),Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAuto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing). FigureFactory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Barsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.apolomed.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children(Fig.Good Quality Lift Door Slider).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP). FigureFood Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers.
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DISCUSSION
Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor-infrared spectrometry (Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty). In addition,Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer.
As shown in Fig.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight(Pneumatic Anti Climb Fence Welding Machine From 358 Fence,Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts,3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish, regardless of the sensor position.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Log Debarker Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump,Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23.
Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe.
(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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