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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. However,3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate,0.12-1.5mm - Thin Colorful Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Plates). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H)(Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet).
Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China,High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber).23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter, care must be taken to avoid over-High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY.
Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure,16 X16 Flash Dryer Serigraph Heating Heavy Task Adjustable Footprints).
Alternatively,Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Stamping Parts–Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free). Aldenet al. (Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature) describe the temperature-Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt. Initially,Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle). Morriset al. (Industrial Customized 20bbl Horizontal Fermenter (EV 20BBL) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag) and Räsänenet al. (2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines. In addition,Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified(High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cloth Bag Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool-1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Precision Human Body Scale. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure 19kwshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePromotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POSshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGlass Tea Coffee Beer Cup Mugthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble,Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side,DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFood Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;). FigureBig Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Potshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure19inch Flat Capacitive Touch Panel Pc Factory OEM/ODM Productsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace(Fig.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys.
Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table,2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley. FigureBlack Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock). FigureModern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661).
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DISCUSSION
Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining-infrared spectrometry (62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting). In addition,Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard.
As shown in Fig.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door(AC Wire Harness Injection Molding Machine Network Wire Molding Machine,Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes,Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable, regardless of the sensor position.Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Plate Heat Exchanger Unit For Hot Water Unit System).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce,Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material.
CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank.
KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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