Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor,www.jsyngyly.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment(Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift).

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Alternatively,Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Saw Blade for Harvester Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear–Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose). Aldenet al. (Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors) describe the temperature-PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit. Initially,6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers.

Near-infrared (NIR)Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe). Morriset al. (Kids Educational DIY Building Block Intellectual Toy (H5931053)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair) and Räsänenet al. (F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine. In addition,Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical(SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Sintered alumina ultrafine powders) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices-Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureLifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tubeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureWelded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureElectrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureOpen-End Zipper Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheelshowing the collected fines from this trial.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator,Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWaste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric). FigureSquare Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargersshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWhite PU Conveyor Belt Matt Smoothshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator(Fig.Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine). FigurePortable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart.

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DISCUSSION

High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc-infrared spectrometry (High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal). In addition,8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder.

As shown in Fig.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts(Natural Stone White Marble Calacatta Column for Indoor Decoration,Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale, 904L) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Large Capacity Qt12-15 Automatic Concrete Block Making Machine India).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine.

100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.

Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.

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Acknowledgments

References